The Art Of Peer Pressure Essay - 861 Words

The Art of Peer Pressure 11:30 pm. Two cars, a Suzuki, and a minivan, drive past houses with colorful rooftops on a quiet street. There are three teenagers each in both vehicles. We drive until we leave the city, and head for a lookout point. We pull over onto the dirt and park the cars. The doors of the Suzuki swing open and all three who were in there leave. We walk towards the minivan and knock on the back door. The door slides open revealing one person in the backseat and two in the front. Everyone exchanges handshakes and â€Å"Wassup’s.† The sound of Kendrick Lamar’s â€Å"Money Trees† plays in the background. â€Å"Ho, I like come inside† I said. â€Å"Yeah, brah come inside.† replies the driver of the minivan. We hop in the minivan and we make ourselves comfortable. â€Å"So what, what we going to do tonight?† a friend said. â€Å"I don’t know brah, what you guys like do?† the driver said, looking towards everyone â€Å"We go drink.† says another friend. â€Å"What only the six of us?† said the driver â€Å"Yeah why? I get some drinks† â€Å"Shoots we go. But we go outside, I no like stay in here.† said the driver, opening his door. We left the minivan and walked towards the lookout point. Tall trees surround us. The stars illuminate the sky, while the sound of the wind rustles through the leaves. We enter into pitch black darkness, yet we have a clear sense that the islands Maui and Molokai are in the distance. The sound of a bottle opening is heard. We look over and see our friend take a shot of alcohol.Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Stereotyping In Schools1122 Words   |  5 Pagesteenagers because they face peer pressure daily. It is a time when you are finding yourself and learning to accept yourself. Stereotyping happens a lot in high schools and can vary from calling someone a name to making a racial joke towards someone. Stereotyping can make high school negative and uncomfortable for students. If an individual is constantly stereotyped as in a category, he can begin to become that negative stereotype. â€Å"Constant judgements from others and peer pressure from friends can causeRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1325 Words   |  6 Pageshundreds or thousands of them are grouped together under one roof, a breeding ground for both insecurity and narcissism is forged. Forced into a pressure cooker of judgement, harassment, and competition, they seek approval from various sources. Some look to trusted advisers, focusing on academics, sports, and extracurriculars. Others look to their peers, potentially falling into a vicious cycle of drugs, alcohol, partying, and other unhealthy behaviors. Left alone to identify themselves, teens relyRead MoreAngels And Demons Inside Of Peer Pressure1083 Words   |  5 Pages Angels and Demons Inside of Peer Pressure One day, I asked myself a question: Who I am and how I become who I am? I take art class, instrument class, basketball class afterschool even though I never like them; I skip class in the university to go shopping with my roommate; I am on a strict diet through the whole semester to lose 30 pounds; I study hard to become one of the top student; I stay humble and helpful both inside and outside of the classroom; I join student council and many student clubsRead MoreWho I Am My Life?1077 Words   |  5 PagesOne day, I asked myself a question: Who I am and how I become who I am? I take art classes, instrument class, basketball class afterschool even though I have never liked them; I skip class in the university to go shopping with my roommate; I am on a strict diet through the whole semester to lose 30 pounds; I study hard to become one of the top students; I stay humble and helpful both inside and outside of the classroom; I join student council and many student clubs at college; I a m punctual at workRead MoreThe Role Of Culture And Community And The Role Of Peers902 Words   |  4 Pages1986 years after the Iranian of Revolution. His father specifically migrated to the U.S. for higher education purposes. Three different themes are identified in this interview: The Role of Family, The Role of Culture and Community, and the Role of Peers. The Role of Family Alireza’s family played a significant, but subtle role in his educational attainment experience. Indirectly, his parents bought him â€Å"positive† toys, like Legos, to stimulate his mind, established a lax system of rewards and punishmentRead MoreInfluence of parents in career choice1488 Words   |  6 Pages Submitted by: Cruz, Marian Psalter A. Caparas, Sevilla Cruz, Maria Jarmina F. De Guia, Aubrey Rose In recent times, there has been growing interest in the interrelationships between career choice, peer group and parental influence. More importantly the focus has been on the factors that tend to move an individual towards a career. PARENTS Parents play a major role in the decisions of their children. As children grow into adolescents, they begin to make decisions that will impactRead MoreWho Should You Trust?1543 Words   |  7 PagesMacduff. After Macbeth is killed Malcolm, one of Duncan’s sons becomes king. There are three major themes that make trust an issue in Macbeth. Macbeth does what he does because of peer pressure, he wants more power, and he worries what people will think of him. Peer pressure is a big issue in Macbeth. Lady Macbeth peer pressures Macbeth into killing King Duncan. It is Lady Macbeth’s idea to murder the king. Macbeth went along with it because he wants to be king. If Macbeth is king then Lady Macbeth isRead MoreThe Use And Benefits Of Art In Special Education And Special1420 Words   |  6 PagesThe Use and Benefits of Art in Special Education and Special Education Services In the early half of the 20th Century, education for children with special needs was near non-existent. With the passage of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1975, however, it became mandatory for schools to provide students with special needs Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) (IDEA, 1975). Since the IDEA law was enacted, special education has expanded to include a wide variety of programsRead MoreJuveniles Are Legal Law Of An Alternate State1273 Words   |  6 Pagesjuvenile justice system and child welfare system, to supplement short-term crisis intervention to runaway youth† (Rose, ND). A young person may enjoy criminal exercises because of peer pressure. There are umpteen reasons on what can lead an adolescent to perpetrate a wrongdoing, and usually it is discovered that peer pressure assumes a conspicuous part in it. High school is a stage when the individual is creating and adapting through investigation. They are adolescent, unpracticed but to end up full-grownRead MoreCase Study 3: Developmental Disability. 1.Peer Relationships1496 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 3: Developmental Disability 1. Peer relationships and play are an important part of healthy development, so it is necessary that we find a way to help Sierra build relationships with her peers. According to Kasari, Huynh, and Gulsrud’s chapter, â€Å"Play Interventions for Children with Autism,† children with autism who also have language difficulties show less object-directed and self-directed play, which can impact their formation of peer relationships. Thus, some of Sierra’s difficulty making

Essay on The Metamorphosis of Holden in The Catcher in...

The Metamorphosis of Holden in The Catcher in the Rye Without love and guidance, young people often find themselves lost; unsure of what direction their lives are headed. Such is the case with Holden Caulfield, a character from the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger. Holden is a sixteen-year old boy who has lost his way. Hold has suffered a great loss, the death of his Brother, Allie. Holden is trying to reconcile his emotions since Allies death. While dealing with their own grief, Holdens parents have neglected his needs and have therefore not addressed this with him. Holden goes searching for answers and companionship since his parents are emotionally unavailable. This story takes up†¦show more content†¦He invites her for a cocktail, Cmon join me, why dont ya? Mrs. Morrow suggests that, the club cars most likely closed,(pg.57) but thanked him for the offer. The first thing that Holden tries to do when he gets off of the train, is to try to find someone to call. At this point its very clear that Holden is depressed and lonely. I couldnt think of anyone to call,(pg.59) says Holden. So he hails a cab and strikes up a conversation with the driver, You know those ducks in that lagoon right near Central Park South? That Little Lake? By any chance do you know where they go, the ducks, when it gets all frozen over?(pg.60) The driver brushes him off. Holden invites him for a cocktail as well. Cant do it, Mac, Sorry.(pg.61) The driver responds. Holden persists in questioning people about the ducks. The duck are reflective of Holdens fear of the unknown. Of what happens after we stop being. He needs to be reassured that things are going to be okay. Holden goes on bad dates, meets up with a prostitute, and frequents nightclubs all in his search for love and companionship. Eventually he sneaks into his house to pay a visit to his sister. They talk for a while and Phoebe figures out that Holden has been thrown out of school again. You did get kicked out! You did! old Phoebe said.(pg.169) You dont like anything thats happened,(pg.169) says Phoebe. Yes I do, sure I do. Dont say that. Why the hell doShow MoreRelated Catcher in the Rye Essay: Holden’s Metamorphosis1954 Words   |  8 PagesHoldens Metamorphosis in The Catcher in the Rye      Ã‚  Ã‚   J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye is the chronicle of a young mans metamorphosis from immaturity to unsure manhood. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, is a sixteen-year old boy who leaves the prep school he has been expelled from to escape the frightening reality of dealing with his parents. However, during his visit to New York City he is faced with the harsh reality that he cannot continue to hold onto his childhood. Holden is anRead MoreComparing The Adventures of Huck Finn and The Catcher in the Rye1382 Words   |  6 PagesComparing The Adventures of Huck Finn and The Catcher in the Rye The forthcoming of American literature proposes two distinct Realistic novels portraying characters which are tested with a plethora of adventures. In this essay, two great American novels are compared: The Adventures of Huck Finn by Mark Twain and The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger. The Adventures of Huck Finn is a novel based on the adventures of a boy named Huck Finn, who along with a slave, Jim, make their way alongRead MoreHoldens Attitudes Toward Childhood and Adulthood in Salingers, The Catcher in the Rye617 Words   |  3 PagesHolden Caulfield is the protagonist in the novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†. In the book Holden hears a quote â€Å"The mark of the immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause, while the mark of a mature man is that he want to live humbly for one† (Salinger 188) which he embraces as he matures throughout the story. Holden’s opinions of childhood and adulthood change as he grows through experience. Throughout the story Holden emphasizes his love for childhood innocence. In a passage he saysRead More Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye1019 Words   |  5 Pagesher dreams and find herself can be compared to that of Holden Caulfield in J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. The Catcher in the Rye is a chronicle of a young boy’s metamorphosis from immaturity to manhood. Essentially, it is a story about growing up. Just like Janie, Holden is searching not only for a place in the world, but most importantly a place within himself. Holden rebels against anything and everything â€Å"phony.† For example, Holden stated that if anybody tries to do anything phony, theyRead MoreAn Analysis Of Holden Caulfield s The Rye 847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catcher in the rye takes the reader on a three day journey with narrator, Holden Caulfield. Coming from a rich New York family, Holden is currently in a rest facility: â€Å"I’ll just tell you about his madman stuff that happened to me†¦ I got pretty run-down and had to come out here and take it easy.† (1) Around the age of sixteen, one starts to leave your childhood innocence behind in exchange for adulthood that is characterised by a cruel society. This metamorphosis is called adolescence andRead MoreComparative Study of Death of a Salesman and The Catcher in the Rye1981 Words   |  8 Pagesconcern for the welfare of the minority and no apprehension that ones success could lead to the downfall of another. ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ by J.D Salinger and ‘Death of a Salesman’ by Arthur Miller are both texts that were written throughout this time of social, cultural, spiritual and economic metamorphosis. ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ through the portrayal of Holden Caulfield, explores an individual’s tumultuous tale throughout city living and teenage years of post WW2 America, hoping to findRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 Pageswikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kite_Runner Hosseini, Khaled A thousand splendid suns AF YA Irving, John The cider house rules AF Ishiguro, Kazuo Never let me go AF Hulme, Keri The bone people AF Jones, Lloyd Mister Pip AF Joyce, James Ulysses AF Kafka, Franz Metamorphosis AF Kesey, Ken One flew over the cuckoo’s nest AF Keneally, Thomas The chant of Jimmie Blacksmith AF King, Stephen Carrie AF Lee, Harper To kill a mockingbird AF YA Li, Yiyun A thousand years of good prayers AF London, Jack White fang AF McCaffre y

William Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice - 1970 Words

It is a recurrence with Shakespeare’s plays that the titles are reflective of the protagonists featured within. For example, the famous titles of Julius Caesar and Hamlet tell the tragedies of those respective characters. However, when it comes to William Shakespeare’s fourteenth play, The Merchant of Venice, it can be argued that Antonio, the merchant, is not who the play is about. In fact, there is not just one character, but instead multiple that fit the description of the protagonist. The main plot, or rather plots, of the play revolve around four different characters, each possessing the qualities of a protagonist. Antonio, Shylock, Bassanio and Portia are all profound and interesting characters, are essential to the plot and have a perpetual goal for the entirety of the play. Antonio is often considered the protagonist of the play as it is titled after him. There is also much evidence in the play’s content that supports this. The play begins with Antonio sp eaking to Salarino and Salanio. Antonio speaks of his sadness and confesses that he doesn’t know the origin of his sorrow, â€Å"In sooth I know not why I am so sad./It wearies me, you say it wearies you† (I, ii : 1-2). As Antonio speaks of his emotions, his character is distinguished as a noble christian with great sadness hidden within. It is never clearly mentioned what the source of his sadness is, however, it becomes apparent later on in the play that he has no love in his life, which could possibly be whatShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s comedy The Merchant of Venice uses contrasting religions to draw out major themes through the ethnic divides that are exemplified. The play expresses the extreme cultural divide between the Jews and Christians through a legal contract between two men. The rivalry between the two men, Shylock and Antonio is clear from the beginning of the play and o nly intensifies as it continues on. Modern day readers most likely take away a slightly different message from the play than whatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1320 Words   |  6 Pagesghetto, and were treated as inferior to the rest of the city. William Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice exhibits the prejudicial attitudes of his era. Antonio, a Christian merchant, makes a deal with Shylock, a Jewish moneylender. Shylock uses it as an opportunity to exact revenge by demanding a pound of Antonio’s flesh if he does not meet his end of the bargain. By pitting the majority of his characters against Shylock, Shakespeare portrays Shylock in a way that discriminates against all JewsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2269 Words   |  10 PagesSamantha Hansen ENG 314 Brother Brugger 12.15.14 The Question of Shylock It is hard to read The Merchant of Venice without finding at least one character to sympathize with. The unforgettable villain Shylock as well as Portia, Shakespeare’s first and one of his most famous heroines are arguably some of this plays most beloved characters. But, is Shylock really the villain? Or is he a victim of circumstance? Shylock’s insistence for a pound of flesh has made him one of literatures most memorableRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1315 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare the play is based upon the hierarchy between Christian men and Jewish men. A character by the name of Bassanio borrows money from his friend Antonio, and Antonio borrows the money from Shylock to give to Bassanio. Eventually, Antonio cannot pay the money back because his ships have supposedly sunk. Therefore, he comes close to death because he signed a bond with Shylock stating that Shylock would get a pound of his flesh if t he bond was not repaidRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesuseless dialogue can make readers skip over what seems like a false beginning to a good story. But think about this: what if those seemingly lengthy, extra, useless words were actually important? For example, the opening 115 lines of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice are provide minimal support to the story at first glance. In these lines, Antonio and his friends are discussing the dynamics of happiness and sadness in order to find the root of Antonio’s sad mood. This portion of the play givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Merchant Of Venice988 Words   |  4 PagesAs I finished reading Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare, I realized that the struggle of the play gyrates around whether justice is truly served and is morality advocated or manipulated by those in authority. The struggle between the principles of justice have caused many readers to question the interaction between the definition of morality and justice. The bond that causes readers to take a closer look throughout the play originates from Shylock’s desire for vengeance and Antonio’s desireRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesfundamentalist Americans. The ills of money-lending from the Eastern perspective have been fodder for Western literature for centuries, replete with illustrations that mirror the differences and similarities in East-West cultural norms. In William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, money-lending has gone awry. In Act I, Scene iii, the Italian Antonio seeks to borrow 3,000 ducats from the Jewish Shylock, and Shylock intends to charge him interest, which is against Jewish economic-religious principles (BateRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is so alike to our financially afflicted world. The rules of law and commerce are subject to deceptive manipulation, fear of the other overwhelms respect for a common humanity, duplicity is the norm, sexuality is a vehicle for ambition, and money drives and wraps almost every action. It is a classic tale that includes important details of the financial crisis in the Unit ed States during 2007-2009. Shakespeare’s Venice, like the New York of his time - and theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2059 Words   |  9 Pagesin The Merchant of Venice resembles a folktale known as â€Å"A Pound of Flesh† (325). Artese supports his supposition with background context and parallels between the two story lines. Literary versions of the pound of flesh story circulated during the sixteenth century and were collected since the nineteenth century because of the plot’s longevity and populairity Shakespeare would have been familiar with pound of flesh stories (326). Human commodification is a central issue in both The Merchant of VeniceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1616 Words   |  7 PagesThe Merchant of Venice offers another unique perspective on crossdressing as it existed on the English Renaissance stage. Howard suggests that Portia’s crossdressing is â€Å"more disruptive than Violaâ€⠄¢s† (Howard, p. 433) because Portia herself was an unruly woman to begin with. Portia has become the master of her own destiny with the passing of her father, for she is referred to as the Lord of Belmont now that no man exists to fill such a role. What remains of the patriarchal authority, particularly

The Importance Of Sustainable Water Practices For The...

Sustainability is the â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Water is a principal compound for human life across the globe. Although there is of 1.4Ãâ€"109 km3 of Water on Earth, only 0.37% of that is drinkable (Murphy, 2004). The inability to access this clean water then causes water borne diseases, particularly in poorer nations, such as Cambodia where only 14% of the population has access to drinkable water (Brinkley, 2011). This is then the reasoning behind the 3.4million deaths annually by water borne diseases within the developing world (World Health organisation, 2001). As 70L of water/day†¦show more content†¦Some assumptions made within this report are that clean water is safely stored and does not impact on the water purification systems ability. Also, the correct use off the device is assumed. 2 BIO SAND FILTERS 2.1 Design There are seven components to a biosand filter design. These are; the lid, diffuser, sand layer, outlet tube, filter body, gravel layer and the separated gravel layer (Cawst, 2009). All of these components all contribute to the purification of water. The purpose of the lid is to protect the water from any external contamination. The diffuser is a plastic sheet with holes drilled into it and protects the biolayer while the water is being poured in (CDC, 2014). This is achieved through slowing down the rate of the water. The third component is the sand layer and this removes any suspended solids within the water. This is able to occur through the use of mechanical trapping and the solids being trapped in between the grains of sand (Cawst, 2009). The separating gravel layer is purely placed in the filter to support the sand layer on top while the drainage gravel layer’s purpose is to support the flow of water into the outlet tube. The use of bigger rocks is used for this draina ge layer to prevent smaller rocks accessing this outlet tube (Cawst, 2009). The outlet tube brings the water from the bottom of theShow MoreRelatedThe Global Supplier Network : Adidas Trained More Than 2000 Persons1379 Words   |  6 Pagesmaintain a strong sustainable workplace standard keeping corporate social responsibility in mind. Sustainability efforts for a safer Planet Keeping the planet in mind, they developed a global single safer planet/environmental strategy for entire operations across the world. The goal of the group is to reduce their environmental footprint by 15% by year 2015. (Adidas15, 2015) Fig 4 – Impacts along the Value Chain Corporate social responsibility is a matter of greater interest in today’s world as the productionRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Supply Chain to Value Chain8966 Words   |  36 PagesA spotlight on CSR Malika Bhandarkar and Tarcisio Alvarez-Rivero* 1. Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR)1 has become a hot topic in boardrooms across the world. Changes in corporate value systems are being driven by pressures from different actors, including governments, consumers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and institutional investors (diagram 1). Multinational corporations (MNCs) have operations spread across the globe, relying on both foreign affiliates and arm’s-lengthRead MoreTragedy of Deforestation Essays2447 Words   |  10 Pagesprovides those medicines, food, building materials, firewood, water, and all the spiritual elements that assist them. The decline of the forest means a loss of their elements which in turn comes malnutrition, increase in illnesses, dependency, adapting to another cult or custom, and in many cases live else where or the community eventually disappears. Secondly, deforestation impacts on a regional level. Forests guarantee the preserving of water, soils, plants, and wildlife. Their destruction causesRead MoreCoca Cola Sabco12641 Words   |  51 PagesFor enquiries, please contact Coca-Cola Sabco (Pty) Ltd on: Tel: +27 41 395 4071 . Fax: +27 41 374 4266. Email: info@ccsabco.co.za For a specific country request, please contact the country representative. Cambodia +855 232428 99 1 1 6 Cambodia +855 1 834 Ethiopia +25 1 1756 114 681 Ethiopia +251 1 1 2 763 Kenya +254 206 998 Kenya +254 20 699 8000000 Mozambique +258 2 1 400 189 Mozambique +258 21 400 189 Namibia +264 613 207 Namibia +264 61 320 7000000 Nepal +997 143 506 Nepal +997 1435 0602 02 SouthRead MoreSustainable Fashion Supply Chain: Lessons from HM6439 Words   |  26 PagesSustainability 2014, 6, 6236-6249; doi:10.3390/su6096236 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Article Sustainable Fashion Supply Chain: Lessons from HM Bin Shen Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China; E-Mail: binshen@dhu.edu.cn; Tel./Fax: +86-216-237-3621 Received: 15 July 2014; in revised form: 15 August 2014 / Accepted: 19 August 2014 / Published: 11 September 2014 Abstract: SustainabilityRead MoreMultinational Companies and Their Social Responsibilities (Α Case Study of Shell, Nigeria)15078 Words   |  61 PagesCHAPTER TWO 2.0 AN OVERVIEW OF SHELL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY IN NIGERIA 2.1 Introduction This chapter will provide basic knowledge of Shell Nigeria Oil Company and its operation in Nigeria, in particular regarding its ethics, performance, social involvement, contribution to national income and its contribution to keeping the environment green. Since the Rio Conference of 1992 the code of conduct for all extractive industries including crude oil mining companies has underlined the following principlesRead MoreIkea at a Glance26682 Words   |  107 PagesENvIRONmENT ENvIRONmENTAL fOCUS AREAS PROdUCTS 49 51 54 59 62 63 66 68 70 71 SUPPLIERS COdE Of CONdUCT IwAy CHILd LAbOUR HOmE fURNISHING SUPPLIERS fOOd SUPPLIERS CATALOGUE SUPPLIERS TRANSPORT SERvICE PROvIdERS 13 15 16 17 23 25 27 fORESTRy COTTON wATER CLImATE TRANSPORT Of PROdUCTS IKEA bUILdINGS ENERGy USE AT SUPPLIERS TRANSPORT Of PEOPLE CO-wORKERS wHEN THEy GROw, IKEA GROwS 31 mETRICS KPIS CROSS REfERENCE TAbLE 72 74 CUSTOmERS PROdUCT SAfETy fOOd SAfETy CUSTOmER ENGAGEmENT 36 38 40 Read MoreLand Degradation6249 Words   |  25 Pagesloss in productivity is estimated at 36 million tons of cereal equivalent valued at US$5,400 million by water erosion, and US$1,800 million due to wind erosion. It is estimated that the total annual cost of erosion from agriculture in the USA is about US$44 billion per year, i.e. about US$247 per ha of cropland and pasture. On a global scale the annual loss of 75 billion tons of soil costs the world about US$400 billion per year, or approximately US$70 per person per year. Only about 3% of the globalRead MoreHealth : The Elementary Human Right Essay5903 Words   |  24 PagesIntroduction Health: the Elementary Human Right Health is declared as a basic human right by the universal declaration of human rights in 1948, stating that everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of oneself and one s family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care. Endowment of health is a fundamental good and a moral issue because it provides opportunity to pursue life goals, reduces pain and suffering, prevents premature loss ofRead MoreUndernutrition10134 Words   |  41 Pagesproductive and able to learn. Good nutrition benefits families, their communities and the world as a whole. Undernutrition is, by the same logic, devastating. It blunts the intellect, saps the productivity of everyone it touches and perpetuates poverty. Stunting - or low height for age - traps people into a lifelong cycle of poor nutrition, illness, poverty and inequity. The damage to physical and cognitive development, especially during the first two years of a child’s life, is largely irreversible.

George Orwell Essay Free Essays

In the story â€Å"On the Rainy River† a 20-year old named Tim O’Brien is about to be given the freedom to go anywhere in life until he receives a draft notice requiring him to join the army in the Vietnam War. Tim O’Brien is tested both physically and mentally. We will write a custom essay sample on George Orwell Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now He has the option to flee to Canada or go to the war. Each option would result in abandoning family, friends, and fond memories. In his essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† reminisces about a bad decision he made earlier in life, just like Tim. Reflecting on his experience, Orwell has also identified the reasons why he did it: â€Å"I could get nothing into perspective. I was young and ill-educated and I had to think out my problems in utter silence,† Tim O’Brien also dealt with his problems alone, â€Å" I felt isolated; I spent a lot of time alone. † Both Tim and George are struggling to deal with their problems and it’s eating away at them. In â€Å"On the Rainy River,† having a good education doesn’t have much on an impact on Tim’s life, because if your nation calls on you to defend your country, you’re going to have to make a difficult decision on whether you’re going to flee or going to war. Being educated makes Tim more open-minded, and prevents him from indulging in the nationalism that was sweeping the nation during that time. Although Tim may have good reasons we shouldn’t be in the war, the nation was depending on men like him. In â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† George Orwell says â€Å" †¦I could get nothing into perspective. I was young and ill-educated and I had to think out my problems in the utter silence that is imposed on every Englishman in the East. † George Orwell is trying to say that when you’re young and inexperienced you’re bound to make a lot of mistakes. When you’re young your family, peers, and own country have influenced your opinions. Many individuals are afraid and unwilling to deviate from the norm. George is an anti-imperialist at heart, but puts on an officer uniform and represents imperialism because that is how the European nation is viewed to the rest of the world. Based off of Orwell’s ideas, you should think individually so you won’t regretnthings later on in life as George and Tim do. Your conscious would show you wrong from right. George Orwell’s ideas can also be applied to â€Å"On the Rainy River†. Although Tim is educated on the war in Vietnam, he does have to deal with his problems in utter silence because he’s afraid that the people he can talk to will tell him to go to the war and he doesn’t want to be called a coward, which takes a toll on his body. â€Å"How at work one morning†¦I felt something break open in my chest†¦it was a physique rupture.† So not only is Tim losing sleep and becoming paranoid, but now the stress is affecting Tim’s physical health as well. If Tim had talked to Elroy Berdahl he would have been much better off. The guilt and stress has been eating away at Tim all summer, and will continue to get at him until he can speak to someone about what he’s going through. If Tim had vented to Elroy, his physical and mental health might have returned to normal, which would have helped him to make his decision. George faces being ill educated along with dealing with his problems. George is an outcast in the native village. He is supposed to be striking fear into these people, however he is against the brutality and injustice that imperialism instills on its subjects. If only George had had the courage to tell the natives who he really was, he might have had an easier time being accepted by them. If George had been better educated, he might have known how to think straight when surrounded by two thousand people; he might have also known where to shoot the elephant so it wouldn’t have to suffer the way it did. To conclude, both Tim and George tried to run away from the inevitable. You can’t escape who you are, and that is what Tim and George tried to do. Tim was an American citizen who was caught up in the draft for the Vietnam War, and George was a citizen of an imperial nation. Tim couldn’t face leaving his friends and family behind so he ended up damaging himself both physically and mentally without even trying to talk this out with his family and friends. While George an anti-imperialist at hear must enforce it upon this Asian country. Both decisions were forced by others whether it is Tim deciding to go to the war due to the devastating fact that if he were to go to Canada, he would never see his family again and if George didn’t shoot that elephant, the tribal people would be more disrespectful than ever. George Orwell wants us to be individuals and think for ourselves. We shouldn’t be influenced by others to make decisions we wouldn’t normally do. How to cite George Orwell Essay, Essays George Orwell Essay Free Essays George Orwell’s â€Å"How the Poor Die†, is an anecdote that reflects his stay in a hospital in Paris, back in 1929. In deep detail, Orwell described the setting, people, and what he felt towards the negative atmosphere to convince readers about the horrifying Hopital X. In this essay, Orwell’s use of literary and historical reference, language use and imagery, and comparison will be discussed in terms of whether or not this essay is effective for modern readers. We will write a custom essay sample on George Orwell Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In his anecdote, Orwell used a lot of literary and historical references that are useful in explaining the current period that he was in. â€Å"How the Poor Die† is set in Paris, back in February 1929. At that point, Orwell wrote that hospitals already have a negative image even before he wrote his anecdote. In paragraph 5, Orwell referred to a variety of literatures from the 19th Century. Tennyson’s poem, The Children’s Hospital and the conversation between Bob Sawyer and Benjamin Allen remains unfamiliar for modern readers. Orwell also mentioned a few other characters from the 19th Century that also has the same impression of hospitals. This includes George III who shrieks when surgeons approach him, and â€Å"the names given to doctors in nineteenth-century English fiction, Slasher, Carver, Sawyer, Fillgrave and so on† (paragraph 5 line 13). A brief description of literatures from the 19th century like those mentioned before allows modern readers to understand the relation of the negativity of hospitals and these characters. Therefore, since Orwell gathered his historical references in one paragraph, modern readers still have the ability to determine that in this paragraph, Orwell is informing readers that a lot of people have always had a negative image of hospitals, even before his stay at Hopital X. To give readers a view about the horrific Hopital X, Orwell used a variation of imagery to describe mostly negative perspectives about his experience. Orwell first described the setting. One of them was the ward that he stayed in. He described it as â€Å"a long, rather low, ill-lit room; full of murmuring voices and with three rows of beds surprisingly close together. There was a foul smell, faecal and yet sweetish† (paragraph 2 line 8). In there, not only did he give visual images, Orwell also described the sounds and also the atmosphere (smell) that he was in. Orwell’s detailed imagery isn’t limited to the setting only. He also explained to readers â€Å"’cupping’, a treatment which you can read about in old medical text-books but which till then I had vaguely thought of s one of those things they do to horses. â€Å" (Paragraph 2 lines 14-16). Elaborating the meaning of this treatment is effective for modern readers because even then, he also mentioned that readers should ‘read about (cupping) in old medical text-books’. With that explanation, modern or non-modern readers get to have the idea of the unfamiliar treatment that the doctors gave him. Other than that, by telling that it is actually ‘one of those things they do to horses’, Orwell is telling readers that again, this is one of the oddness of Hopital X. It is a technique that Orwell used to convince readers that his experience at Hopital X is undoubtedly miserable. Orwell also manages to convince readers about his miserable experience by comparing Hopital X to hospitals in England. He compared Hopital X to hospitals in England because he happens to have an English blood. Therefore, the comparisons are mainly biased to English hospitals, and hence, more negativity of the French hospital is revealed. The main comparison that Orwell referred to would be the service given from the hospitals. The nurses at the Hopital X â€Å"still had a tinge of Mrs. Gamp† (paragraph 5 line 12), which is the complete opposite from English nurses. Mrs. Gamp is another historical reference that Orwell made. Based on the footnote, Mrs. Gamp is introduced as â€Å"an alcoholic who works as a monthly nurse† (paragraph 19 line 2). Therefore, we can assume that a majority of nurses from Hopital X are like her or in other words, fails to give a good service to their patients. The result of this bad service makes sense to another explanation that Orwell made. When death occurs in Hopital X, the situation is explained as; â€Å"business of people just dying like animals, for instance, with nobody standing by, nobody interested, the death not even noticed till the morning–this happened more than once. † (Paragraph 5 line 3). The main use of these comparisons is to assure past and current readers that French hospitals are surrounded by negativity. Again, this effect is useful in supporting Orwell’s negative point of view of Hopital X. After almost a century, Orwell’s anecdote still has the ability to convince readers about the misery of Hopital X. With the use of literary and historical reference, language use and imagery, and comparison between Hopital X and English hospitals, â€Å"How the Poor Die† definitely proved modern readers about the misery of Hopital X. Therefore, it is safe to say that even if a literature is written a decade or even a century ago, the writing would still be effective if the author successfully address it with deep details. How to cite George Orwell Essay, Essay examples

Promotional Strategies for Cars in India free essay sample

This project is an effort to understand these promotional strategies adopted by different automobile companies in India. This project concerns with the study of choosing the 6 most appropriate mix of advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and publicity for cars in India with a detailed study of promotional strategy of Ford Fiesta. This project also targets the customers in India regarding the promotions of cars in India by reviewing and interpreting a questionnaire. Chapter 2 Literature Survey 7 Theoretical Framework and Review of Literature Promotional Strategy A successful product or service means nothing unless the benefit of such a service can be communicated clearly to the target market. An organizations promotional strategy can consist of: Advertising: Is any non personal paid form of communication using any form of mass media. Public relations: Involves developing positive relationships with the organization media public. The art of good public relations is not only to obtain favorable publicity within the media, but it is also involves being able to handle successfully negative attention. Sales promotion: Commonly used to obtain an increase in sales short term. It could involve using money off coupons or special offers. 8 Personal selling: Selling a product service one to one. Direct Mail: Is the sending of publicity material to a named person within an organization. There has been a massive growth in direct mail campaigns over the last 5 years. Spending on direct mail now amounts to ? 18 bn a year representing 11. 8% of advertising expenditure (Source: Royal Mail 2000). Organizations can pay thousands of pounds for databases, which contain names and addresses of potential customers. Direct mail allows an organization to use their resources more effectively by llowing them to send publicity material to a named person within their target segment. By personalizing advertising, response rates increase thus increasing the chance of improving sales. Listed below are links to organization whose business involves direct mail. Promotional Mix 9 Message and Media Strategy An effective communication campaign should comprise of a well thought out mess age strategy. What message are you trying to put across to your target audience? How will you deliver that message? Will it be through the appropriate use of branding? Logos or slogan design? The message should reinforce the benefit of the product and should also help the company in developing the positioning strategy of the product. Companies with effective message strategies include: Nike: Just do it. Honda City: The race lies within. Media strategy refers to how the organization is going to deliver their message. What aspects of the promotional mix will the company use to deliver their message strategy. Where will they promote? Clearly the company must take into account the readership and general behavior of their target audience before they select their media strategy. What newspapers does their target market read? What TV programmes do they watch? Effective targeting of their media campaign could save the company on valuable financial resources. Communication Model- AIDA 10 AIDA is a communication model which can be used by firms to aid them in selling their product or services. AIDA is an Acronym for Attention, Interest, Desire, and Action. When a product is launched the first goal is to grab attention. Think, how can an organization use it skills to do this? Use well-known personalities to sell products? Once you grab attention how can you hold Interest, through promoting features, clearly stating the benefit the product has to offer? The third stage is desire, how can you make the product desirable to the consumer? By demonstrating it? The final stage is the purchase action; if the company has been successful with its strategy then the target customer should purchase the product. Internet Promotion The development of the World Wide Web has changed the business environment forever. Dot com fever has taken the industry and stock markets by storm. The ecommerce revolution promises to deliver a more efficient way of conducting business. Shoppers can now purchase from the comfort of their home 24 hours a day 7 days a week. 11 Owning a website is a now a crucial ingredient to the marketing mix strategy of an organization. Consumers can now obtain instant information on products or services to aid them in their crucial purchase decision. Sony Japan took pre-orders of their popular Play Station 2 console over the net, which topped a 1 million after a few days, European football stars are now issuing press releases over the web with the sites registered under their own names. Hit rates are phenomenal. Advertisers have now moved their money over to the internet as customers are on average spending more time online then watching TV. Popular ways to advertise seem to be with banners and pop ups. Promotion Process for Cars Selecting the Target Market To say that target market selection is a part of promotional/marketing strategy development is just stating the obvious. Marketing targeting simply means choosing one? s target market. It needs to be clarified at the outset that market targeting is not synonymous with market segmentation. Segmentation is actually tee prelude to target market selection. One has to carry out several tasks besides segmentation before choosing the target market. Through segmentation, a firm divides the market into many segments. But all these segments need not form its target market. Target market signifies only those segments that it wants to adopt as its market. A selection is thus involved in it. 12 Marketing segmentation is a process that throws up not one but several market segments. There may be segments that are sizeable and the ones that are not so sizeable. There may be segments assuring immediate profits and the ones that call for heavy investments in market development. There may also be segments that show great potential, but display tough barriers to entry. As such, the question, which segment/segments, the firm should select as its target market, assumes crucial importance. Markets can be segmented using several relevant bases. For example, demographic characteristics of consumers, such as age, sex, income/purchasing capacity, education level etc, form one base for segmentation. Geographic characteristics constitute another; and buying behavior of the consumers forms yet another base. The various types of segmentations are Geographic segmentation, Demographic segmentation, Psychographic segmentation, etc. Product Positioning and Brand Positioning It is essential to understand the relationship between products positioning and brand positioning. Though in discussions, the two terms are synonymously and interchangeable used, technically they are different. Product positioning denotes the specific product category/product class in which the given product is opting to compete. And brand positioning denotes the positioning of the brand viz-a viz the competing brands in the chosen product category. It is evident that for any product, before entering the market it has to sequentially carry out the two exercises, product positioning and brand positioning. In the first 13 step, the product category where the new entrant should enter and compete, i. e. against what all products it has to compete, has to be decided. In this step, it is the broad function that the product is trying to serve that matters. This choice of product category will decide the nature of the competition the product is going to face. Once product category positioning is decided, the position for the new entrant against competing brands in the chosen product category has to be analyzed and fixed. Issues in Brand Positioning In deciding the brand positioning, the issues are: Which are the competing brands in the chosen product category? What are the unique claims/strengths of the various brands? What position do they enjoy in consumer? s evaluation and perception? What is the most favored position†¦? And yet vacant? Can the new brand claim the needed distinction and take the position and satisfy the need? Promotional Decisions Promotion has been defined as the coordination of all seller initiated efforts to set up channels of information and persuasion in order to sell goods and services or promote an idea. While implicit communication occurs through the various elements of the marketing mix, most of an organization? s communications with the market. The basic tools used to accomplish an organization? s communication objectives are often referred to as the promotional mix. 14 Advertising Advertising is defined as any paid form of non personal communication about an organization, product, service, or idea by an identified sponsor. The paid aspect of this definition reflects the fact that the space or time for an advertising message generally must be bought. An occasional exception to this is the public service announcement, whose advertising space or time is donated by the media. Advertising is the best-known and most widely discussed form of promotion, probably because of its pervasiveness. It is also very important promotional tool, particularly for companies, whose products and services are targeted at mass consumer markets. It is a very cost-effective method for communicating with large audiences. It can be used to create brand images and symbolic appeals for a company or brand. Direct Marketing One of the fastest-growing sectors of the U. S. economy is direct marketing, in which organizations communicate directly with target customers to generate a response and a transaction. It has become such an integral part of the IMC program of many organizations and often involves separate objectives, budgets, and strategies; we view direct marketing as a component of the promotional mix. 5 Direct Marketing is much more than direct mail and mail order catalogs. It involves a variety of activities, including database management, direct selling, telemarketing and direct response ads through direct mail, the Internet, and various broadcast and print media. One of the major tools of direct marketing is direct response advertising, whereby a product is promoted through an ad that encourages the consumer to purchase di rectly from the manufacturer. Interactive/Internet Marketing Interactive media allow for the back-and-forth flow of information whereby users can participate in and modify the form and content of the information they receive in real time. Unlike traditional forms of marketing communications such as advertising, which are one-way in nature, the new media allow users to perform a variety of functions such as receive and alter information and images, make inquiries, respond to questions and of course make purchases. In addition to the Internet, other forms of interactive media include CDROMs, Kiosks, and interactive television. Sales Promotion The next variable in the promotional mix is sales promotion, which is generally defined as those marketing activities that provide extra value or incentives to the sales force, the distributors, or the ultimate consumer and can stimulate immediate sales, 16 sales promotion is generally broken into Consumer-oriented and Trade-oriented activities. Consumer-oriented sales promotion is targeted to the ultimate user of a product or service and includes couponing, sampling, premiums, rebates, contests, sweepstakes, and various point-of-purchase materials. Trade-oriented sales promotions are targeted towards marketing intermediaries such as wholesalers, distributors and retailers. Effective Sales Promotion Sales promotion consists of diverse collection of incentive tools mostly short term, designed to stimulate quicker and greater purchase of particular products of services by the consumer. Sales promotion is the only method that makes use of incentives to complete the push-pull promotional strategy of motivating the sale force, the dealer and the consumer in transacting a sale. Price-Off Offers Price-off offers refers to offering the product at lower than the normal price. This encourages immediate sales, attracts non-users, induces product trail and counters competition. Premium Premium refers to the offer of an article of merchandise as an incentive in or to sell the product. Coupons In order to encourage product trail, stimulate re-purchase rate and build loyalty through news papers. 17 Dealer stock display context It is a type of point of purchase advertising which uses the show windows of the dealer for providing exposure to the sponsor? s products. Dealer participating enthusiastically and creatively are awarded. Publicity/ Public Relations Publicity refers to non personal communications regarding an organization, product, service, or idea not directly paid for or run under identified sponsorship. It usually comes in the form of a news story, editorial or announcement about an organization and its products and services. Like advertising, publicity is not directly paid for by the company. An advantage of publicity over other forms of promotion is its credibility. Another advantage of publicity is its low cost, since the company is not paying its time or space in a mass medium such as TV, radio or newspapers. Public relations are defined as â€Å"the management function which evaluates public attitudes, identifies the policies and procedures of an individual or organization with the public interests and executes a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance†. Public relations generally have a broader objective than publicity, as its purpose is to establish and maintain a positive image of the company among its various publics. Personal Selling 18 It is a form of person-to-person communication in which a seller attempts to assist and persuade prospective buyers to purchase the company? product or service or to act on an idea. Unlike advertising, personal selling involves direct contact between buyer and seller, either face-to-face or through some form of telecommunications such as telephone sales. Personal selling involves more immediate and precise feedback because the impact of the sales presentation can generally be assessed from the customer? s reactions. FORD FIESTA About Ford The modern Ford India began production in 1998, although the roots trace back to 1907 when the Model A was launched. Its manufacturing facilities are in Maraimalai Nagar near Chennai. Ford India began production in 1926, but was shut down in 1954. Production began again with the joint venture Mahindra Ford India, Limited (MIFL) in 1995, a 50-50 venture with Mahindra Mahindra Limited. Ford increased its interest to 72% in 1998 and renamed the company Ford India Limited. 19 The first model was the Ford Escort, which was later replaced by locally produced Ford Ikon in 2001. It has since added Fusion, Fiesta, Mondeo, Endeavour and Endeavour Thunder+ to its product line. Key Products Ford Ikon Ford Fiesta Ford Fusion Ford Endeavour Ford Fiesta While Fiesta continued to impress people all over the globe, Ford had different plans for the Indian market. Ford engineers in Melbourne, Australia, designed a car from scratch specifically for the Indian market and badged it as Fiesta (2005). This sedan was sold with two engine options, 1. 4 Diesel (TDCI) and 1. 4/1. 6 Petrol. The 1. 6 Petrol version was marketed for its acceleration and performance to keep it competitive with other car makers. The Diesel version saw much success as its main 20 selling point was the fuel efficiency. Ford test delivered a whopping 30+Km/L Since cost of fuel was rising this was the right time for Ford to showcase its turbocharged direct-injection diesel technology. Ford claims to have sold more diesel variants than its petrol ones. Recently Ford gave some minor facial uplift to the well sold Fiesta and also reworked on safety features. Dual Airbag was included because the competitors the Suzuki SX4 and Hyundai Verna had this and other safety features. Ford Fiesta is engineered specifically to adapt the demanding Indian road conditions. It is a mid-sized car having a perfect combination of style and solidity. Politicians, Students, Doctors, any successful professional. Income: Upper Middle Income Group, High Income Group On the basis of Psychographic Lifestyle: Exciting, Trendy, Outdoor Oriented Social Class: Upper Middle On the basis of Geographic Region: Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western region of India Area: Metro cities, Semi-Urban and other Urban areas Adopting Offer to suit Target Segment Ford modifies its models for Indian target segments as shown below: 24 Higher ground clearance to make the car more compatible to the rougher road surface in India. Stiffer rear springs to enable negotiating the ubiquitous potholes on Indian roads. Changes in cooling requirement, with greater airflow to the rear. Higher resistance to dust. Compatibility of engine with the quality of fuel available in India. Location of horn buttons on the steering vehicles. (As the India motorist uses the horn more frequently, for cars sold in India, the horn buttons are kept on the steering wheel and not on a lever on the side as in the models sold in Europe. ) Market Competition Ford Fiesta comes in â€Å"C† segment „Sedan? and is available in both Diesel and Petrol variants in Indian Market. Along with Fiesta, other cars in this segment are Hyundai Verna, Maruti Suzuki SX4, Chevrolet Aveo and Tata Indigo Manza. Strategic Promotions by Ford 25 Ford follows the promotions at two levels, they a 1) Promotions of product directly by the manufacturer. 2) Promotions at dealer level. In the first step the products of vehicles manufactured by the Ford Automotives are directly promoted by the manufacturer by himself. He follows many promotional strategies like 1. Advertising through television and newspaper. 2. Internet or interactive marketing. 3. Direct marketing. In the second step the dealer of the vehicles promotes the vehicles. The various promotional strategies followed by the dealers are 1. Advertising though news papers, radios, palm plates. In this all the features of the product and its prices are given in detail to the customer. 2. By Hoardings, the promotion about the product and its features. Hoardings A heavy picture of the product which comprises of its attributes and special features are displayed on the roadsides in the form of hoardings. It is a bit expensive strategy but attracts many people who pass by that roadside. This type of advertisement is prepared for those segments of people who cannot afford their time in reading newspapers and watching televisions. While travelling from their home to office, moving on their business activities they may watch these hoardings. These hoarding are especially setup at the road signal stops. Maintaining Data Bank 26 In this the dealer collects personal/bio-data (address and contact number) of many people from various organizations and different sector who are ready to buy the vehicles and who change the vehicles regularly. These people are met-in person or contacted through their contact number. The various new features and new offers regarding the vehicles are advocated to them and are given discounts on group purchase of vehicles, i. e. if 5 or more friends in the group purchase the cars at a time then they are given special discounts on the vehicles. Free Insurance The dealers of Ford may give a special offer of free insurance on the purchase of each vehicle to its new customers. Relationship Marketing Fortune Ford pays a special attention towards its old customers. To retain the old and existing customers it conducts a corporate meet at a luxurious hotel. The event aims at knowing the problems of the customers regarding the vehicles and also service feedback. In this way it maintains an effective relationship with the customers and gains the reputation and goodwill in the minds of the customers. Sales Promotion 27 The sales promotion is done by ford at three levels: 1) Showroom Sales: In this the customers walk in to the showrooms to know about the details of the product. Specially trained sales executives who are present in the showrooms give a detailed explanation about the product to the customers. Sales executives give a detailed note on the products features, various offers given by the manufacturer and also by the dealer to the customer and enhance the sales of the vehicles. 2) Corporate sales: A special team of sales executives are sent to some big corporate sectors and there they personally meet the heads of the organizations like C. E. O? s, Managers, etc. , and explain about the vehicles and the offers and special schemes provided by the dealer to them on bulk purchase of the vehicles and try to promote the sales of the vehicles. ) Field sales: The sales executives conduct some events with the corporate working people and try to demonstrate the product features and its benefits and try to promote the product and increase its sales. Conducting Customer Delight Program 28 This is a unique program conducted by the dealers of Ford. This is a program conducted to retain the old customers of the Ford. The old customers of Ford are meeting personally and they are requested to g ive their feedback by filling in the questionnaire which is specially prepared for them. In this questionnaire their problems regarding the vehicle and also their post sale service experience are taken. If there exists any problem, then the Fortune Ford service men try to resolve the problems of their customers as soon as possible and makes the customer satisfied. This is a technique to attract the new customers by satisfying the old customers and gaining goodwill in the market. Extended Warranty The dealers of Ford Fiesta give an extended warranty to its customers where there will be extended time duration in the warranty. What is Extended Warranty? Factory Warranty covers only for a specific period of time/mileage. After the factory warranty expires, customer is exposed to the risk of parts failures. This is applicable for any machine/equipment/vehicle. Extended Warranty: Is an extension of Factory Warranty Offers almost similar coverage as Factory Warranty Comes with a time-bound (eg. 1yr/2yrs but unlimited mileage cap) 29 Covers all Mechanical and Electrical Failures Covers labor Why is extended warranty needed? Offers peace of mind motoring Protects against unexpected and non-budgeted expenses Can be transferred, hence increases the resale value. What does it NOT cover? Does not cover wear and tear of parts Does not cover scheduled service items Does not cover accident repairs Benefits to customer Protection from manufacturing and material defects Car can be repaired at any Ford out let across the country Unlimited number of claims No excess to pay One up-front payment only Inflation protection from rising costs of parts and labor All repairs carried out by qualified Ford technicians Warranty can be transferred when vehicle is sold – better resale value Total peace of mind.

Introduction to Debt Policy Essay Example For Students

Introduction to Debt Policy Essay When a firm grows, it needs capital, and that capital can come from debt or equity. Debt has two important advantages. First, interest paid on Debt is tax deductible to the corporation. This effectively reduces the debts effective cost. Second, debt holders get a fixed return so stockholders do not have to share their profits if the business is extremely successful. Debt has disadvantages as well, the higher the debt ratio, the riskier the company, hence higher the cost of debt as well as equity. If the company suffers financial hardships and the operating income is not sufficient to cover interest charges, its stockholders will have to make up for the shortfall and if they cannot, bankruptcy will result. Debt can be an obstacle that blocks a company from seeing better times even if they are a couple of quarters away. Capital structure policy is a trade-off between risk and return:Using debt raises the risk borne by stock holdersUsing more debt generally leads to a higher expected rate on equity. There are four primary factors influence capital structure decisions:Business risk, or the riskiness inherent in the firms operations, if it uses no debt. The greater the firms business risk, the lower its optimal debt ratio. The firms tax position. A major reason for using debt is that interest is tax deductible, which lowers the effective cost of debt. However if most of a firms income is already sheltered from taxes by depreciation tax shields, by interest on currently outstanding debt, or by tax loss carry forwards, its tax rate will already be low, so additional debt will not be as advantageous as it would be to a firm with a higher effective tax rate. Financial flexibility or the ability to raise capital on reasonable terms under adverse conditions. Corporate treasurers know that a steady supply of capital is necessary for stable operations, which is vital for long-run success. They also know that when money is tight in the economy, or when a firm is experiencing operating difficulties, suppliers of capital prefer to provide funds to companies with strong balance sheets. Therefore, both the potential future need for funds and the consequences of a funds shortage influence the target capital structure- the greater the probable future need for capital, and the worse the consequences of a capital shortage, the stronger the balance sheet should be. Managerial conservatism or aggressiveness. Some managers are more aggressive than others; hence some firms are more inclined to use debt in an effort to boost profits. This factor does not affect the true optimal or value maximizing capital structure but it does influence the manager in determining target capital structure. Analysis 1: Valuation of the Assets0% Debt25% Debt50% Debt100% Equity75% Equity50% EquityBook Value of Debt025005000Book Value of Equity1000075005000Market Value of Debt (D)025005000Market Value of Equity (E)1000083506700Pre-tax Cost of Debt (RD)0.050.050.05After-tax Cost of Debt (1-Tc)*RD0.0330.0330.033Market Value Weights of:Debt WD = D / (D + E)00.23040.4274Equity (WE) = E / (D + E)10.76960.5726Un-Levered Beta (B U)0.80.80.8Levered Beta B L = BU*(1+(1-Tc) (D/E))0.80.95811.1940Risk-free Rate (Rrf)0.050.050.05Market Premium (MRP)0.060.060.06Cost of Equity RE = Rrf + bL * MRP0.0980.10750.1216Weighted Average Cost of CapitalWACC = (1-Tc)WDRD+WERE0.0980.09030.08376EBIT1485.001485.001485.00(Taxes (@34%))-504.90-504.90-504.90EBIAT980.10980.10980.10Depreciation500.00500.00500.00(Capital Expenses)-500.00-500.00-500.00Change in Net Working Capital0.000.000.00Free Cash Flow (FCF)980.10980.10980.10Value of Assets (FCF/WACC)10001.0110851.1111701.19The value of Assets is given by the Free Cash Flows divided by the weighted average cost of capital and changes with the financing side effects of the capital structure. The Cash flows are unaffected by the Capital structure changes, however the WACC decreases as the weight of debt increases. This leads to a greater value of assets (at 50% debt, it is $11701.19 which is greater than that at 0% debt). The capital structure that maximizes stock price is also the one that minimizes the WACC. Another observation of the above table shows that increasing Debt increases Beta (a measure of risk, this is consistent with the Hamadas equation BL= BU (1+(1-TC) (D/E))Analysis 2: Valuation of the Debt Equity0% Debt25% Debt50% Debt100% Equity75% Equity50% EquityCash Flow to Creditors:Interest (Int)0.00125.00250.00Pre-tax Cost of Debt (Rd)0.050.050.05Value of Debt (Int/Rd)0.002500.005000.00Cash Flow to Shareholders:EBIT1485.001485.001485.00Interest (Int)-0.00-125.00-250.00Pretax profit1485.001360.001235.00Taxes (@34%)-504.90-462.40-419.90Net Income980.10897.60815.10Depreciation500.00500.00500.00Capital Expenses-500.00-500.00-500.00Change in Net Working Capital0.000.000.00Debt Amortization0.000.000.00Residual Cash Flow (RCF)980.10897.60815.10Cost of Equity (From Analysis 1: RE)0.0980.10750.1216Value of Equity (RCF/RE)10001.018351.116701.19Value of Equity + Value of Debt10001.0110851.1111701.19As the two sides of the balance sheet should match-up, the Values of Assets from Analysis 1 would be equal to the sum of the Value of Equity and Debt from the above Analysis 2. When the firm levers up the value of its debt component rises and the value of its equity component shrinks. But, the overall value of the firm goes up (the pie increases). Frederick Douglas To Thomas Jefferson EssayValue to Society: Society is better off if firms use some debt in their capital structure. Firms with revenue generating and good projects would be able to acquire (otherwise impossible) capital because of the resource allocation of leverage medium. Institutions with excess capital can invest in firms that increase their wealth, firms wealth and provide better products and services to the society as a whole. Debt unlike equity has to be serviced regularly and interest payments are required to be made on time. This has several benefits in limiting the control that managers have on free cash flow. Managers who own equity in the firm do not resort to shirking their duties, as an increased NPV of the project will yield them high returns personally. Raising debt does not dilute the equity of the managers and keeps them motivated to work harder. Debt limits free cash flows as it demands timely payment of interest. Managers cannot reward themselv es with perquisites, as they have to make interest payments and retire debt. This keeps a check on the managers who may want to put their hand in the till and help themselves at the cost of shareholders (and society). Debt lowers the agency costs arising between management and shareholders. Therefore, the new debt from leveraging can be thought of as a type of control device for shareholders. For companies in high growth areas, debt is not a great avenue to raise capital as competitive pressures and uncertain nature of cash flows can push them into bankruptcy in the presence of debt. However for slow growth companies with strong balance sheets and steady business, debt is the best avenue in the interest of the equity holders. Analysis 7: Re-capitalization of Koppers Company Inc. (all values in thousands). Before RecapitalizationAfter RecapitalizationBook Value Balance SheetsNet Working Capital212,453212,453Fixed Assets601,446601,446Total Assets813,899813,899Long-term Debt172,4091,738,095Deferred Taxes195,616195,616Preferred Stock15,00015,000Common Equity430,874-1,134,812Total Capital813,899813,899Market Value Balance SheetsNet Working Capital212,453212,453Fixed Assets1,618,0811,618,081PV debt tax shield (Long-term Debt * Tax Rate)58,619590,952Total Assets1,889,1532,421,486Long-term debt172,4091,738,095Deferred Taxes00Preferred Stock15,00015,000Common Equity1,701,744668,391Total Capital1,889,1532,421,486Number of Shares28,12828128Price per Share60.5023.76Value to Public ShareholdersCash Received = (Debt After Recap Debt Before Recap)01,565,686Value of Shares = (Value of Common Equity)1,701,744668,391Total Value1,701,7442,234,077Total per share = (Total Value)/(No. of Shares) 60.5079.43Before re-capitalization, the weight of debt of the Koppers firm is around 9.1% (172,409 / 1,889,153) and the share price is $60.50. Issuing a debt of $1,738,095,000 has changed the capital structure of the firm and the new weight of Debt is 71.8% (1,738,095 / 2,421,486). Though, the share price has decreased to $23.76 after re-capitalization, shareholders have a cash flow of $79.43 due to the dividend of $55.67 (79.43 23.76) paid out. Share Price before Re-capitalization$60.50New Share Price after Re-capitalization (SP)$23.76Number of Shares (N)28,128Value of Dividend Paid Out (D)$1,565,686Dividend Distributed per share (Div/share = D/N)$55.67Total Value to Shareholder (SP + Div/Share)$79.43